Read the following part of the text carefully and answer the multiple choice questions listed below.

Metabolic syndrome

Metabolic syndrome is the clinical condition characterized by the coexistence of the following risk factors:

• Central obesity

(which is defined as waist circumference - for Europeans: above 94 cm in males and above 80 cm in females)

plus leastways two of the following:

• Elevated blood pressure; above 130/85 mmHg
• Raised triglycerides: 150 mg/dl and above
• Elevated fasting plasma glucose: 100 mg/dl and above (or previously diagnosed diabetes mellitus type 2)
• Reduced HDL cholesterol: below 40 mg/dl in males; below 50 mg/dl in females

International Diabetes Federation, 2005

These factors result mainly from lifestyle - unhealthy diet and insufficient physical activity, but also from genetic predispositions and fetal programming.

The elements of metabolic syndrome may in consequence lead to the development of cardiovascular diseases, stroke, diabetes mellitus, hyperuricemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, erectile dysfunction in men, polycystic ovary syndrome in women and other.

Obesity

Obesity is a chronic disease diagnosed when BMI reaches above 30 with simultaneous excessive amount of fat tissue. It evolves mostly as a result of positive energy balance, when the intake of calories is excessive and stored as a fat tissue. Obesity increases the risk of medical illnesses and is often associated with premature death, lack of independence and economic burden. We differentiate three stages of obesity, based on BMI.

• What causes obesity?

• Metabolic activity of adipose tissue

• TOFI vs FOTI

• Obesity treatment